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Neuroblastoma
Treatment in China

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Condition Guide

About Neuroblastoma

Understand the condition, common triggers and treatment options that may require specialist assessment.

Disease Introduction

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, often referred to as the "king of childhood cancers." It originates from the sympathetic nervous system, with approximately two-thirds occurring in the adrenal gland region of the abdominal cavity, and is most common in infants under 5 years old. The cause is related to genetic susceptibility and gene amplification (such as MYCN). Typical manifestations include an abdominal mass, periorbital ecchymosis, fever, weight loss, and bone pain. The disease exhibits extreme heterogeneity; the 5-year survival rate for low-risk children exceeds 95%, with some even experiencing spontaneous regression; while the 5-year survival rate for high-risk children treated with traditional methods is less than 50%. In recent years, GD2 immunotherapy and 131I-MIBG targeted radiotherapy have significantly improved the prognosis of high-risk children, increasing the 5-year survival rate to 65%–70%.

Cutting-edge high-precision diagnostic and treatment technologies

Breakthrough in GD2 Immunotherapy : Two GD2 monoclonal antibodies, datuximab β (Kaiser Bio) and nacetuximab (Dazoxel), have been successively applied to the immunotherapy of high-risk neuroblastoma. Experts from Beijing Children's Hospital pointed out that GD2 immunotherapy has increased the 5-year survival rate of high-risk children from about 50% to 65%-70%.
New drugs included in commercial insurance : Nacetuzumab injection was submitted for inclusion in the National Medical Insurance Commercial Innovative Drug Catalog in June 2026, and Taduximab β was previously included in the 2025 Commercial Innovative Drug Catalog, which will significantly improve the affordability for families of children with high-risk neuroblastoma and reduce the burden on families.
Targeted radiotherapy combination : Phase III trials are evaluating the addition of 131I-MIBG (iodobenzylguanidine) or the ALK inhibitor loratinib to the standard treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma. Stanford University and UCSF and other centers are involved, providing a new combination for children with refractory and relapsed diseases.
New maintenance therapy drug : Isotretinoin registration phase II trial. The safety and efficacy data of maintenance therapy in 16 high-risk neuroblastoma patients will be announced at ASCO in 2026. This is the first registration clinical study of isotretinoin in China and the first registration study in China. The safety is controllable.
Isotretinoin approved in Japan : In June 2026, Taiyo Pharmaceutical's isotretinoin capsules were approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, becoming the first oral formulation in Japan specifically approved for maintenance therapy of neuroblastoma after high-dose chemotherapy. Oral maintenance is more convenient and facilitates maintenance therapy.

Care Overview

Neuroblastoma Treatment in China

The medical team will develop a personalized protocol based on the pathology type, stage, genetic test, previous treatment history, and the patient's physical condition.

1. Low-risk observation surgery : Very low-risk and low-risk children are mainly treated with surgical resection. Some infants in stage 4S can even resolve spontaneously with only regular observation. The 5-year survival rate is over 95%. Avoid excessive chemotherapy.
2. Intermediate-risk chemotherapy combination : Intermediate-risk children undergo surgery combined with 4-8 cycles of chemotherapy to remove residual lesions. The recovery rate after treatment is very high, and the 5-year survival rate is about 90%-95%. The intensity of chemotherapy is determined according to the INRGSS stratification.
3. High-risk comprehensive reinforcement : High-risk children undergo induction chemotherapy combined with surgery, radiotherapy, and autologous stem cell transplantation for consolidation. After surgery, they receive 5 cycles of maintenance therapy with GD2 monoclonal antibody combined with GM-CSF and isotretinoin, followed by systemic reinforcement and consolidation.
4. Relapsed targeted rescue : For relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma, nacetuzumab combined with GM-CSF regimen can be used, or clinical trials of 131I-MIBG, ALK inhibitor combined with targeted drugs can be participated in.
5. International stratification criteria : Grouping by INRGS risk level (L1, L2, M, MS stages) combined with age, MYCN status, and pathological type to match corresponding treatment intensity, avoiding overtreatment of low-risk cases and undertreatment of high-risk cases.

1. Stratified and precise treatment : Based on INRGSS risk grouping, low-risk patients avoid excessive chemotherapy, while high-risk patients receive intensive multimodal treatment, which significantly improves the overall cure rate.
2. Immunotherapy prolongs survival : GD2 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy has increased the 5-year survival rate of high-risk children from about 50% to 65%-70%, which is the biggest survival breakthrough in the past decade.
3. Targeted radiotherapy with reduced toxicity : 131I-MIBG kills tumor cells specifically through radioactive nuclides, causing less damage to bone marrow and normal tissues, and is suitable for bone and bone marrow metastases.
4. Improved accessibility through commercial insurance : Daltoximab β and Nalcetumab have been included in the list of innovative drugs covered by commercial insurance, reducing the financial burden on families of sick children and shortening the time to market for new drugs.
5. Convenient oral maintenance : Isotretinoin maintenance therapy is an oral preparation that can be completed at home for 5 courses of treatment. Combined with GD2 monoclonal antibody infusion in the hospital, it balances efficacy and quality of life.

Network of partner hospitals

Recommended Hospitals

Selected leading medical centers with strong specialties and international patient services.

Beijing Children's Hospital (School of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center), Capital Medical University

Beijing · Partner Hospital

Beijing Children's Hospital (School of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center), Capital Medical University

Pediatrics

The hospital is the National Children's Medical Center (Beijing) and also houses the National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, the National Childhood Cancer Monitoring Center, the Key Laboratory of Major Pediatric Diseases Research of the Ministry of Education, the National Pediatric Drug Clinical Trial Platform, and the National Standardized Training Base for Pediatric Specialists. Since the release of the Fudan University's ranking of Chinese hospitals by specialty reputation in 2010, the hospital has consistently ranked first in "Pediatric Surgery" and second in "Pediatric Internal Medicine" for many years; and since 2015, it has consistently ranked first in the Chinese hospital science and technology evaluation (pediatrics) ranking.1. Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance

Year Founded: 1942
Beds: 2170

Children's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (National Children's Medical Center)

Shanghai · Partner Hospital

Children's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (National Children's Medical Center)

Pediatrics

The hospital is a national key discipline in pediatrics, a member of the National 985 Project and the Double First-Class Initiative, and was among the first in the country to be granted authorization to grant master's and doctoral degrees in pediatrics and to establish a postdoctoral research station in clinical medicine. In 2017, it was approved as the National Children's Medical Center (Shanghai), and in 2020, it was approved as the National Pediatric Medical Quality Control Center. Its pediatrics department consistently ranks among the top in the Chinese Hospital Science and Technology Evaluation Ranking and the Chinese Hospital Best Specialty Reputation Ranking, and for many consecutive years, it has ranked first in pediatric internal medicine and second in pediatric surgery in the Chinese Hospital Specialty Reputation Ranking.

Year Founded: 1952
Beds: 1000

Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Shanghai · Partner Hospital

Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Pediatrics

The hospital has two campuses, one in Yangpu and one in Fengxian. The Yangpu campus is located at 1665 Kongjiang Road, covering an area of 109 acres; the Fengxian campus is located at 6688 Dongfang Meigu Avenue, Fengxian District, and officially opened on June 28, 2025. It covers an area of 152 acres with a total building area of 256,000 square meters, and is the first comprehensive tertiary hospital in Fengxian District. The hospital has 2,700 beds and 5,100 employees. It has 63 clinical and medical technology departments and treatment platforms, including internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics. It is equipped with advanced equipment such as TOMO and surgical robots, and has built a health service system covering the entire life cycle from 0 to 100 years old.

Year Founded: 1958
Beds: 2700

Shanghai Children's Medical Center (National Children's Medical Center), affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Shanghai · Partner Hospital

Shanghai Children's Medical Center (National Children's Medical Center), affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Pediatrics

1. Historical Origins and Spiritual Inheritance Shanghai Children's Medical Center is a tertiary-level Class A children's specialist hospital integrating medical treatment, scientific research, and teaching. It was jointly built by the Shanghai Municipal People's Government and Project HOPE in the 1990s and officially opened in 1998. Comrade Jiang Zemin inscribed the hospital's name. In 2017, it was approved as a National Children's Medical Center. Adhering to the principle of "everything for children," t

Year Founded: 1998
Beds: 1500

Leading Specialists

Trusted Expertise Across Leading Specialties

Zhang Hao

Chief Physician, Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, President of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Director of the Heart Center, Director of Shanghai Clinical Medical Research Center for Rare Childhood Diseases

Pediatrics

-Research areas : Complex congenital heart disease in children, pulmonary hypertension in children, rare cardiovascular genetic diseases; - Areas of expertise: Surgical correction of complex congenital heart disease, Potts shunt for pulmonary hypertension, and full life-cycle management of congenital heart disease; - Areas of expertise: Complete transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary atresia, functional single ventricle, and refractory pulmonary hypertension in children; - Academic Highlights & Co

Affiliated Hospital Shanghai Children's Medical Center (National Children's Medical Center), affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Huang Guoying

Chief Physician, Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, former Director of the Children's Hospital, and Academic Leader of the Cardiovascular Center

Pediatrics

-Research areas : congenital heart disease in children, Kawasaki disease, and hereditary cardiovascular diseases in children; - Areas of expertise: Non-invasive screening for congenital heart disease in newborns, fetal echocardiography assessment, and perioperative critical care management of complex congenital heart disease; - Areas of expertise: Complex congenital heart disease, Kawasaki disease, hereditary cardiomyopathy, and refractory arrhythmias in children; - Academic Highlights & Core Values: Head

Affiliated Hospital Beijing Children's Hospital (School of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center), Capital Medical University

Gu Longjun

Chief Physician, Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, Leading Expert in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology

Pediatrics

-Research areas : Childhood leukemia, childhood malignant solid tumors; - Areas of expertise: Stratified individualized chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and immunotherapy for childhood tumors; - Diseases specializing in: Acute and chronic childhood leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma; - Academic Highlights & Core Values: One of the pioneers in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood leukemia in China, establishing a tiered treatment plan for childhood allergic rheumatoid arthritis (

Affiliated Hospital Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Zhang Yongjun

Chief Physician, Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, Director of Pediatrics, Head of Neonatology Subspecialty

Pediatrics

-Research areas : Critical newborn care, neonatal brain injury, organ protection for premature infants; - Areas of expertise: Comprehensive treatment of extremely low birth weight premature infants, neuroprotection of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; - Areas of expertise: Extremely premature infants, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis; - Academic Highlights & Core Values: Head of a National Specialty Department of Neonatal Health Care, established a critica

Affiliated Hospital Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Chen Jing

Chief Physician, Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, Director of Hematologic Oncology Department

Pediatrics

-Research areas : Pediatric hematologic malignancies, primary immunodeficiency diseases, lysosomal storage diseases, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; - Areas of expertise: Allogeneic/umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, selective T-cell depletion transplantation; - Areas of expertise: Mucopolysaccharidosis, Gaucher disease, primary immunodeficiency diseases, relapsed and refractory leukemia; - Academic Highlights & Core Values: Pioneer of mucopolysaccharidosis transpla

Affiliated Hospital Shanghai Children's Medical Center (National Children's Medical Center), affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Yuan Xiaojun

Director of the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Chief Physician, Master's Supervisor.

Pediatrics

Research Areas : Clinical diagnosis and treatment of pediatric hematologic disorders and malignant tumors, with a particular focus on multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment of pediatric solid tumors. Cutting-Edge Technologies: Pioneered and implemented the MDT (Multidisciplinary Team) approach for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric solid tumors in China, and authored the Chinese "Expert Consensus on Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatoblastoma in Children" and other treatment guide

Affiliated Hospital Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Patient Stories

See the Next Step Through Patient Journeys

Congenital Right Radial Paraaxial Hemilimb Deformity - Reshaping the Wings of a

CASE 01

PATIENT JOURNEY

Congenital Right Radial Paraaxial Hemilimb Deformity - Reshaping the Wings of a "Fallen Angel" - A Dual Reconstruction of Structure and Function

OrthopedicsPediatrics

Patient records: Name: Dara Age: 5 years old Nationality: Cambodia Diagnosis: Congenital right radial paraaxial hemilimb deformity (congenital limb malformation) Treatment Hospital: Beijing Children's Hospital (Orthopedics), Capital Medical University From "no thumb" to "regaining syndesmosis," we've given wings to angels. Five-year-old Dara is from Phnom Penh, Cambodia. She's a cheerful girl, but she was born without a right thumb. Her right hand resembles a small fork, with only four fingers, making it

View case details →

Methylmalonic acidemia - Deciphering the

CASE 02

PATIENT JOURNEY

Methylmalonic acidemia - Deciphering the "metabolic code" to help "special" babies grow normally.

Internal MedicinePediatrics

Patient records: Name: Mei Ling Age: 3 months Nationality: Malaysia Diagnosis: Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), combined type Treatment Hospital: Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Decoding Genetic Defects: A Lifelong Battle for Precision Nutrition Meiling was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Shortly after birth, she began experiencing recurrent vomiting, lethargy, and feeding difficulties, and quickly developed metabolic acidosis and severe anemia. Local hospitals

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Congenital Scoliosis - Unshackled by the

CASE 03

PATIENT JOURNEY

Congenital Scoliosis - Unshackled by the "Butterfly Spine," Rebuilding the Pillar of Life

OrthopedicsPediatrics

Patient records: Name: Nguyen Age: 6 years old Nationality: Vietnamese Diagnosis: Congenital scoliosis (hemievertebral malformation) Treatment Hospital: Shanghai Children's Medical Center (National Children's Medical Center), affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Precise removal of "bad bone" straightens a curved spine. Six-year-old Nguyen Van from Hanoi, Vietnam, was shorter than other children from a young age, and a bulge on his back grew increasingly noticeable. He was afrai

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CASE 04

PATIENT JOURNEY

Biliary Atresia - Illuminating a "Golden Childhood": A 60-Day Race Against Jaundice

HepatobiliaryPediatrics

Patient records: Name: Budi Age: 45 days Nationality: Indonesia Diagnosis: Biliary atresia Treatment Hospital: Children's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (National Children's Medical Center) During the 60-day golden window, we rebuild the river of life for children with gallbladder deficiency. Budi was born in Surabaya, Indonesia. Like all newborns, he developed neonatal jaundice. However, unlike others, his jaundice persisted, and his stools became increasingly pale, eventually turning a horribly

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NeuroblastomaTreatment in China

Neuroblastoma Treatment in China

Recommended Hospitals

Beijing Children's Hospital (School of Pediatrics, National Children's Medical Center), Capital Medical University

Children's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (National Children's Medical Center)

Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Shanghai Children's Medical Center (National Children's Medical Center), affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Trusted Expertise Across Leading Specialties

See the Next Step Through Patient Journeys

Congenital Right Radial Paraaxial Hemilimb Deformity - Reshaping the Wings of a "Fallen Angel" - A Dual Reconstruction of Structure and Function

Methylmalonic acidemia - Deciphering the "metabolic code" to help "special" babies grow normally.

Congenital Scoliosis - Unshackled by the "Butterfly Spine," Rebuilding the Pillar of Life

Biliary Atresia - Illuminating a "Golden Childhood": A 60-Day Race Against Jaundice

Congenital esophageal atresia (Gross type III) - Building a "new bridge" for the "blocked" lifeline

Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplant: When "Not Living Past One Year Old" Becomes a Prophecy—A Mongolian Mother's Journey of "Saving Her Son by Donating Part of Her Liver"

Cerebral Palsy in Children: Unlocking the "Compressed Spring"—A Kazakh Family Finds a Precise Answer in China

A clear, coordinated process for efficient cross-border care

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Remote Consultations

Travel Arrangements

Comprehensive Support in China

Post-Visit Services

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Neuroblastoma
Treatment in China

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